Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract

Biotherapeutics have revolutionized modern medicine, offering targeted therapies for complex diseases. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability, rapid degradation, and limited targeting remain significant obstacles. Drug delivery systems (DDS) have emerged as crucial tools for improving the efficacy and stability of biotherapeutics. This review explores recent advancements in DDS, focusing on novel nanotechnology-based approaches that enhance drug delivery and targeting. Nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and polymeric micelles are highlighted for their ability to encapsulate diverse therapeutic agents, including proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules. These systems offer advantages such as enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects, targeted delivery, and controlled release, which can significantly improve treatment outcomes. However, challenges regarding toxicity, scalability, and regulatory hurdles must be addressed before these technologies can be widely implemented in clinical practice. The future of DDS is closely tied to overcoming these challenges through innovations in manufacturing processes and the development of more biocompatible, biodegradable systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in DDS, with a particular emphasis on their application in biotherapeutic drug delivery, offering insights into potential future developments.