Silica Nanoparticles: Navigating the Toxicological Terrain – An In-Depth Exploration of Multifaceted Health Impacts

Abstract

Silica nanoparticles have emerged as versatile materials with widespread applications, particularly in industries ranging from medicine to electronics. However, their increasing ubiquity raises concerns about potential adverse health effects. This review delves into the intricate landscape of the toxicological effects associated with silica nanoparticles, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of their multifaceted impact on human health. Drawing from a vast body of research, we explore diverse aspects, including respiratory, cardiovascular, and dermal effects, as well as potential implications for reproductive and immune systems. The intricate interactions between silica nanoparticles and biological systems are scrutinized, shedding light on cellular mechanisms and pathways involved in toxicity. Additionally, the influence of physicochemical properties, such as size, surface charge, and shape, on the toxicity profile is thoroughly examined. Insightful discussions on exposure routes, dosimetry, and risk assessment contribute to a holistic perspective on the potential hazards associated with silica nanoparticles. As we navigate through this toxicological terrain, it becomes evident that a nuanced understanding of the complex interactions between silica nanoparticles and the human body is imperative for informed decision-making in both scientific and regulatory realms. This review not only synthesizes existing knowledge but also identifies critical research gaps, paving the way for future investigations aimed at elucidating the intricacies of silica nanoparticle toxicity.