Multi-System Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Adipokines and Neuropeptides in Obesity: Mechanisms and Applications

Abstract

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disorder that involves disruptions in metabolic, endocrine, and neural systems. Adipokines and neuropeptides are key players in regulating energy balance, appetite, and fat metabolism, making them central to the pathophysiology of obesity. This review explores the multi-system pharmacology and therapeutic potential of adipokines and neuropeptides in obesity management. Adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin influence insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and fat storage, while neuropeptides like neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) play significant roles in appetite regulation and energy expenditure. The dysregulation of these molecules can contribute to obesity and related metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Advances in pharmacological interventions targeting adipokine and neuropeptide signaling pathways offer promising therapeutic strategies for obesity treatment. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying these pathways, the potential for targeted therapies, and the challenges of translating preclinical findings into clinical applications. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of manipulating adipokine and neuropeptide systems for weight management and metabolic health are explored, with an emphasis on precision medicine and personalized approaches. By understanding the intricate roles of adipokines and neuropeptides, we can develop more effective strategies for combating obesity and its associated diseases.