Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (JIMP)
Welcome to the Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (JIMP), a distinguished peer-reviewed research journal that stands as a global beacon for unwavering commitment to the highest standards of scholarly publishing. Internationally acclaimed, JIMP consistently delivers articles of exceptional quality and significance, shaping the landscape of internal medicine and pharmacology.
Herbal Drug Quantum Dots: A Revolutionary Approach in Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery
The integration of herbal drugs with quantum dots (QDs) represents a groundbreaking advancement in nanomedicine, offering a novel approach to drug delivery and therapy. Herbal drug QDs combine the therapeutic properties of natural compounds with the unique optical, electronic, and functional properties of QDs, addressing challenges such as poor bioavailability, low solubility, and instability of herbal drugs. This review explores the synthesis, characterization, and mechanisms of action of herbal drug QDs, highlighting their applications in cancer therapy, antimicrobial treatment, neuroprotection, and theranostics. The use of green synthesis methods and biocompatible materials has further enhanced the safety and sustainability of these nanocarriers. Despite their potential, challenges such as toxicity, scalability, and regulatory approval remain. By addressing these issues and leveraging advancements in nanotechnology, herbal drug QDs hold immense promise for revolutionizing drug delivery and improving therapeutic outcomes. This article underscores the transformative potential of herbal drug QDs in shaping the future of nanomedicine.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rohini Pawar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vitiligo: A Systematic and Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Treatment Trend
Vitiligo is a chronic, acquired pigmentary disorder that manifests as well-demarcated depigmented macules and patches on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition arises due to the selective destruction of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, resulting in loss of skin color. Although vitiligo does not pose any direct threat to physical health, its cosmetic disfigurement often has profound psychological, social, and emotional consequences. The etiopathogenesis of vitiligo is multifaceted, involving complex interactions between genetic susceptibility, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and neurochemical imbalances. Recent advancements in research have shed light on novel therapeutic targets, offering hope for improved management strategies. This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of vitiligo by exploring its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification, diagnostic tools, current and emerging treatment modalities, psychosocial impacts, and future directions in therapeutic development
Copyright (c) 2025 Vishal Gurumukhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems for Enhancing the Bioavailability of Quercetin: In-Vitro study analysis
This study aimed to develop and characterize quercetin-loaded nanoparticles to enhance the bioavailability of quercetin through nanotechnology-based delivery systems. The nanoparticles were prepared and evaluated for their physicochemical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro drug release profile. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis revealed an average particle size of 162.4 ± 5.3 nm, with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.192 ± 0.02, indicating a monodisperse system. The zeta potential was measured at -32.7 ± 2.4 mV, confirming excellent colloidal stability due to strong electrostatic repulsion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images demonstrated uniform, spherical nanoparticles with consistent morphology. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading capacity (LC) were calculated to be 85.2% and 12.5%, respectively, highlighting the system's ability to effectively encapsulate and retain quercetin. In vitro drug release studies exhibited a sustained release profile, with an initial burst release within the first 2 hours followed by gradual release over 72 hours, achieving 85% cumulative release
Copyright (c) 2025 Dipali Zade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phytochemistry Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical Methods for Plant-Based Compounds
Phytochemistry, the study of plant-based compounds, has gained significant attention due to the diverse biological activities and therapeutic potential of phytochemicals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods employed in the extraction, separation, identification, and quantification of phytochemicals. Traditional techniques such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction are discussed alongside modern approaches like ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Advanced separation methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), are highlighted, along with spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) for structural elucidation. The review also addresses challenges in phytochemical analysis, such as compound complexity and matrix interference, and explores emerging trends like metabolomics and AI-driven approaches. By bridging traditional knowledge with cutting-edge technology, this article aims to provide researchers with a robust framework for advancing phytochemical research and its applications in drug discovery, nutrition, and functional foods.
Copyright (c) 2025 Anil Pawar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biginelli Reaction- A Green Chemistry Approach for Synthesis of Tetrahydro Pyrimidine Derivatives
The Biginelli reaction, involving a three-component reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, urea, and ethyl acetoacetate, has emerged as an extremely useful synthetic tool to organic chemists for the synthesis of tetrahydro pyrimidine derivatives and related heterocyclic compounds. Green chemistry is an eco-friendly synthetic pathway for pollution-free synthesis and manufacturing of the product. The tetrahydro pyrimidine and its derivatives are highly signiﬁcant because they generally show diverse medicinal properties, such as calcium channel blockers, antihypertensive and anti-inﬂammatory agents, andα1-a antagonists. The current review focuses on the green synthesis approach for the synthesis of tetrahydro pyrimidine derivatives via the Biginelli reaction. The review also throws light on recent advances in Biginelli's reaction
Copyright (c) 2025 Alka Zade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advancements in Herbal Drug Lipidic Nanoparticles: Formulation, Applications, and Therapeutic Potential
Herbal drug lipidic nanoparticles (HDLNs) have emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing the bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy of herbal medicines. This review highlights the recent advancements in the formulation, applications, and therapeutic potential of HDLNs, focusing on various types of lipidic nanoparticles, such as liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanoemulsions. The article discusses the techniques employed for the preparation of HDLNs, their advantages in drug delivery, and their role in targeted therapy for various diseases. Moreover, it covers the therapeutic benefits of HDLNs in enhancing the pharmacokinetics and overcoming challenges such as poor solubility and bioavailability of herbal compounds. The review also presents an outlook on the future directions of HDLNs, emphasizing their potential for personalized medicine and combination therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aarti Shastri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Herbal Medicine: Bridging Traditional Knowledge with Modern Scientific Insights
Herbal medicine has been a cornerstone of traditional healthcare systems for centuries, offering a wealth of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. In recent years, advancements in scientific methodologies have enabled a deeper understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms underlying herbal remedies. This review explores the therapeutic efficacy of key herbal medicines, highlighting their active constituents, mechanisms of action, and clinical relevance. Additionally, we discuss the challenges associated with standardization, quality control, and integration of herbal medicine into modern healthcare practices. Emphasis is placed on the need for robust clinical trials and interdisciplinary research to bridge the gap between traditional knowledge and evidence-based medicine, ensuring safe and effective use of herbal therapies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sagar Tambe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RP-HPLC Methodology for Olanzapine Impurity Analysis: Advances in Development and Validation
Olanzapine, an atypical antipsychotic drug, plays a critical role in the treatment of psychiatric disorders, necessitating the availability of reliable analytical methods for its quantification and quality assessment. Chromatography, particularly reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), serves as the cornerstone of separation science in pharmaceutical research and development. This review highlights the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method tailored for olanzapine analysis, emphasizing its significance in drug discovery, development, and manufacturing processes. Validation ensures the method's reliability in determining key characteristics of olanzapine against established acceptance criteria. Parameters such as accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ), robustness, and system suitability are comprehensively assessed in compliance with ICH guidelines. By offering insights into the critical aspects of method development and validation, this review aims to provide a robust framework for ensuring the quality, efficacy, and safety of olanzapine formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rutuja Desai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biological Screening and IC₅₀ Determination of Novel DPP-4 Inhibitory Compounds via Fluorescence-Based Assay
The present study focused on the biological evaluation of three newly synthesized DPP-4 inhibitor derivatives (D1, D2, and D3) using a fluorescence-based in vitro assay. The compounds were assessed for their ability to inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), an enzyme implicated in the degradation of incretin hormones and a validated therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The synthesized compounds demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition, with compound D2 exhibiting the highest potency (IC₅₀ = 1.45 µM), followed by D1 and D3. Teneligliptin was used as a reference standard, and while the new derivatives showed slightly lower activity, they displayed promising potential for further optimization. The results, supported by HPLC and DSC data, confirm both the biological activity and chemical stability of the compounds, suggesting their suitability for preclinical development.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analytical Method Development and Validation for Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Estimation in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
This abstract presents the development and validation of a UV-visible spectrophotometric method for the accurate estimation of Venlafaxine HCl, a commonly prescribed antidepressant, in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The method utilizes purified water as the solvent, with a maximum absorbance identified at 224.60 nm. It exhibited excellent linearity within a concentration range of 5-35 μg/ml, with a high correlation coefficient (R² = 0.999) and consistent mean recovery rates between 99.00% and 100.0%. The method's cost-effectiveness and simplicity make it an ideal candidate for routine quality control. Validation was performed following ICH guidelines, ensuring reliability across parameters such as linearity, repeatability, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, and determination of LOD & LOQ. Recovery studies further confirmed the method’s applicability for the routine analysis of Venlafaxine HCl in both active pharmaceutical ingredients and commercial tablet formulations. In conclusion, this validated method provides a reliable, swift, and economical approach to the quality control of Venlafaxine HCl, making it a valuable addition to existing analytical techniques.
Etiology, Risk Factors, and Future Perspectives on Hepatotoxicity Induced by Anti-Tuberculosis Medications
Anti-tuberculosis drugs are one of the most common causes of idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity worldwide. Mostly first-line drug therapy of tuberculosis is the reason for hepatotoxicity. isoniazid-induced toxicity is more severe than hepatotoxicity, other factors are also cause of liver toxicity including age, gender, alcohol intake, etc are also responsible for hepatotoxicity. the liver is the main organ for maintaining the internal body environment and idiosyncratic drug toxicity result in death or transplant, therefore prevention method and good treatment for hepatotoxicity is necessary. Considering the hepatoxicity due to antituberculosis drugs are a major cause of liver failure this review throw light on the various anti-tuberculosis drug that produces toxicity, management of hepatotoxicity, and future directions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Vishal Gurumukhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development and Validation of a Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) Method for the Quantification of Olanzapine and Its Impurity
Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic drug, and chromatography is the backbone of separation science. It is utilized in all research laboratories and pharmaceutical industries throughout the world. The current review article focuses on the development and validation of an RP-HPLC method for olanzapine. Method development and validation are important in new drug discovery, development, and manufacturing, as well as a variety of other human and animal investigations. An analytical technique is developed to compare a defined characteristic of a drug substance or drug product to established acceptance criteria. Accuracy, precision, specificity, linearity, range and limit of detection, limit of quantification, robustness, and system suitability testing are all covered by validation of HPLC methods according to ICH Guidelines.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dr. Tejas Pachpute https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multi-System Pharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Adipokines and Neuropeptides in Obesity: Mechanisms and Applications
Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disorder that involves disruptions in metabolic, endocrine, and neural systems. Adipokines and neuropeptides are key players in regulating energy balance, appetite, and fat metabolism, making them central to the pathophysiology of obesity. This review explores the multi-system pharmacology and therapeutic potential of adipokines and neuropeptides in obesity management. Adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin influence insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and fat storage, while neuropeptides like neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) play significant roles in appetite regulation and energy expenditure. The dysregulation of these molecules can contribute to obesity and related metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Advances in pharmacological interventions targeting adipokine and neuropeptide signaling pathways offer promising therapeutic strategies for obesity treatment. This review discusses the mechanisms underlying these pathways, the potential for targeted therapies, and the challenges of translating preclinical findings into clinical applications. Furthermore, the therapeutic implications of manipulating adipokine and neuropeptide systems for weight management and metabolic health are explored, with an emphasis on precision medicine and personalized approaches. By understanding the intricate roles of adipokines and neuropeptides, we can develop more effective strategies for combating obesity and its associated diseases.
Glial Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Bridging Pathophysiology and Therapeutics
Glial cells, including astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes, are crucial for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent research highlights the significant role of glial metabolism in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). These disorders are associated with metabolic dysregulation within glial cells, leading to impaired neuroprotection, increased inflammation, and oxidative stress, which worsen neuronal damage. Astrocytic glycolysis, microglial metabolic reprogramming, and oligodendrocytic energy deficits have emerged as key contributors to disease progression. This review examines the complex relationship between glial metabolism and neurodegeneration, focusing on how metabolic changes in glial cells affect synaptic integrity, neuronal survival, and immune responses. Advances in metabolomics and imaging technologies have provided valuable insights into these metabolic disruptions at both cellular and molecular levels. Furthermore, novel therapeutic strategies targeting glial metabolism are gaining attention, offering potential avenues for neuroprotection and disease modulation. Interventions such as boosting astrocytic lactate production, modulating microglial polarization through metabolic approaches, and restoring mitochondrial function in oligodendrocytes are discussed. By linking glial metabolic dysfunction with neurodegenerative diseases, this review emphasizes the therapeutic potential of targeting glial metabolism to improve patient outcomes and reduce disease burden.
An An Analytical Study on the Methodical Scrutiny of Ayurveda's Trajectory Towards Longevity and Youthful Vitality Using Rasayana Therapy
The ancient Indian medical system known as Ayurveda provides valuable insights on attaining longevity and timeless energy. Rasayana therapy, one of its basic principles, is a restorative procedure intended to enhance individuals' physical and mental health while promoting vigor, power, and longevity. In light of contemporary biomedical research, this review examines the scientific scrutiny of Rasayana therapy, assessing its therapeutic effects, mechanisms of action, and potential molecular pathways. This study aims to bridge the gap between traditional Ayurvedic knowledge and modern scientific understanding by critically analyzing the existing literature, including clinical studies, pharmacological evaluations, and contemporary interpretations of Ayurvedic principles. Additionally, the review explores the relevance of Rasayana for modern anti-aging treatments, its role in boosting immune function, enhancing cellular health, and preventing age-related degenerative processes. Emphasizing the need for further clinical research and scientific validation, this review seeks to comprehensively assess Rasayana's therapeutic potential in the pursuit of longevity and vitality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Pooja Yadav https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Angiotensin Signaling in the Brain and Blood Vessels: Implications for Neurological and Cardiovascular Disorders
Angiotensin signalling is found to be significant in the regulation of the system that maintains the cardiovascular and neurological balance. This regulatory mechanism affecting blood pressure, volume control, and vasomotor tone is probably mainly controlled through the renin-angiotensin system or RAS. Recent data demonstrate that although Ang II is an important regulator of brain and blood vessel function, it may also be involved in the development of pathological changes. Within the brain tissue, Ang II binds to certain receptors, such as AT1 and AT2; participating in the regulation of neuronal firing, stress and neuroinflammation. Abnormality of this signalling pathway has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and stroke through free radical-mediated damage, compromised blood-brain barrier integrity and neuronal death. In the vascular compartment, activates endothelial dysfunction, vascular remodelling hypertrophy and inflammation, and oxidative and proliferative changes in the vascular smooth muscle cells. These effects form the basis of the formation of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, aneurysms and ischemic heart diseases. Interactions between central and peripheral angiotensin pathways worsen these conditions through nervous and vascular adaptation feedback loops. More recent therapies aimed at individual elements of RAS, including ACEIs, ARBs, and novel receptor ligands, reveal good potential for averting these detrimental consequences.
Copyright (c) 2024 Kanhopatra Wable https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effectiveness of Rhythmic Stabilization (PNF) vs. Conventional Physiotherapy in Knee Osteoarthritis
Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative condition marked by pain, stiffness, reduced range of motion (ROM), and impaired proprioceptive accuracy, negatively impacting quality of life. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching, particularly rhythmic stabilization, has shown potential for addressing these issues by stimulating mechanoreceptors and improving flexibility and pain management. This study compared the effectiveness of rhythmic stabilization PNF to conventional physiotherapy in managing Grade 2-3 knee OA. Thirty-six participants aged 40–60 were randomly assigned to Group A (rhythmic stabilization PNF) or Group B (conventional physiotherapy). Outcome measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Results showed significant improvements in pain reduction, flexibility, and functional mobility in both groups, with Group A achieving superior outcomes. Rhythmic stabilization PNF emerges as an effective therapeutic option for knee OA, offering enhanced patient outcomes and better quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 © 2024 Dr. Ankita Kalunke. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Complications of Anemia Across Pregnancy Trimesters: A Cohort Study
Background: Anemia is a common condition affecting approximately 40% of pregnant women, posing serious risks to maternal and fetal health. These risks include premature birth, low birth weight, infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and increased likelihood of cesarean section. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 390 pregnant women who attended the gynecology and obstetrics clinic at Amir Al-Momenin Hospital. Participants were selected based on referrals on a predetermined date. Data collection and analysis were conducted using STATA version 11. Pregnancy outcomes between anemic and non-anemic women were compared using independent t-tests, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression models. Results: The study found no significant association between low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels in the first trimester and pregnancy outcomes. However, low hematocrit levels in the second trimester were significantly associated with increased risks of stillbirth, low Apgar scores, and premature delivery. No significant effects were observed on other maternal or neonatal outcomes. Conclusion: Hematocrit levels in the second trimester may serve as a critical predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes for both mother and infant. Screening for anemia and monitoring blood indices before and during pregnancy are essential. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of anemia can help mitigate risks to maternal and fetal health.
Copyright (c) 2024 © 2024 Dr. Manju Zade. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reimagining Lupus Vulgaris: Case Studies and Emerging Insights
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, particularly in developing nations. Lupus vulgaris, a rare and chronic form of cutaneous tuberculosis, poses unique diagnostic difficulties due to its indolent progression and paucibacillary nature. It affects both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals, often manifesting in those with prior sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This article examines three clinical cases of lupus vulgaris, showcasing its varied presentations and the complexities involved in diagnosis. In addition, a comprehensive review of the literature is presented, covering the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic techniques, and treatment approaches for lupus vulgaris. The aim is to increase awareness and understanding of this under-recognized manifestation of tuberculosis, enabling healthcare professionals to recognize and manage it effectively. Emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and intervention, this article seeks to improve patient outcomes and address the tuberculosis burden, especially in resource-constrained settings
Copyright (c) 2024 © 2024 Dr. Rohini Shinde. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Exploring the Therapeutic Promise of Melittin: Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Cancer Applications of Bee Venom
Bee venom, a complex mixture of bioactive components, has garnered attention for its therapeutic properties, with melittin identified as its primary active component. This review highlights the potential of melittin in treating inflammation and cancer, two major health challenges. Inflammatory diseases, characterized by dysregulated immune responses, benefit from melittin's anti-inflammatory effects, including the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated melittin's ability to reduce inflammation across various disease models. In oncology, melittin has shown promising anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Recent evidence suggests melittin's efficacy against breast cancer and its potential application in other malignancies, such as prostate, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Additionally, melittin enhances the effectiveness of conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. Despite its therapeutic promise, the potential toxicity and adverse effects of melittin necessitate careful investigation. Current research focuses on strategies to mitigate toxicity and improve its safety profile. This review underscores the significant progress in understanding melittin's mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential, emphasizing the need for further studies to develop safe and effective melittin-based treatments for inflammatory and cancerous diseases.
Copyright (c) 2024 © 2024 Alka Pawar. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0). https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Rhythmic Stabilization Technique (PNF) and Conventional Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee presents with pain, joint difficulty, reduced range of motion (ROM), and impaired proprioceptive accuracy, impacting the quality of life for affected individuals. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques have emerged as interventions to address muscle flexibility, pain, and ROM in OA. Recent research has highlighted impaired proprioceptive accuracy as a contributing factor in the onset and progression of knee OA. Rhythmic stabilization, a component of PNF, targets mechanoreceptor stimulation, offering promise in alleviating OA symptoms. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of rhythmic stabilization PNF with conventional physiotherapy in managing knee OA. Thirty-six participants aged 40-60 were randomly assigned to two groups: Group A received rhythmic stabilization PNF, while Group B received conventional physiotherapy. Outcome measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) and visual analog scale (VAS) for pain assessment. Results indicated significant pain reduction, increased flexibility, and improved functional mobility in both groups post-treatment. However, the rhythmic stabilization PNF group demonstrated superior outcomes compared to conventional physiotherapy alone. This suggests that rhythmic stabilization PNF is more effective in reducing pain, enhancing flexibility, and promoting functional independence in Grade 2-3 knee OA. These findings underscore the potential of incorporating rhythmic stabilization PNF into OA management protocols to optimize patient outcomes
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology (JIMP) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery: Enhancing Bioavailability and Therapeutic Efficacy in Pharmaceutical Applications
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a transformative approach to enhance drug bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy in various pharmaceutical applications. These systems exploit the unique properties of nanoparticles, including high surface-to-volume ratios, targeted delivery capabilities, and controlled release profiles, to optimize drug administration. This review explores the types of nanoparticles utilized in drug delivery, such as polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles, with an emphasis on their role in enhancing drug bioavailability and efficacy. Current advancements in nanotechnology have facilitated the development of nanoparticles capable of overcoming biological barriers, thereby improving drug localization at the desired sites. We further discuss the mechanisms of drug loading and release, as well as the challenges related to stability, scalability, and safety. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the applications and advantages of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems, as well as to outline future directions for research and clinical implementation. Through this, we highlight the potential of nanoparticles to revolutionize pharmaceutical science and contribute to more effective, personalized medicine
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Comprehensive Approaches to the Treatment and Prevention of Toothache: A Review
Toothache remains a prevalent and significant health concern, affecting individuals of all ages and often signaling underlying dental issues that require timely intervention. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current treatment modalities and preventive strategies aimed at managing toothache and promoting oral health. Various etiological factors contribute to toothache, including dental caries, pulpitis, periodontal disease, and trauma, each requiring distinct treatment approaches. Therapeutic interventions range from pharmacological management with analgesics and antibiotics to non-pharmacological techniques like desensitizing agents, endodontic treatments, and advanced restorative procedures. In addition to these treatments, preventive strategies play a crucial role in reducing the incidence and recurrence of toothache. These include routine oral hygiene practices, dietary modifications, fluoride applications, and regular dental check-ups, which together support long-term oral health. Emphasis is placed on evidence-based approaches that address both the symptomatic relief of toothache and the prevention of underlying causes. This review aims to guide healthcare professionals by summarizing the latest advancements and recommendations in the treatment and prevention of toothache, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life through better dental care practices.
Toxicological Assessment of Murraya Koenigii Fruit Extract: Acute and Subacute Evaluation in experimental animals
The current investigation was aimed to assess anti-anaphylactic, and anti-asthmatic activity of aqueous extract of psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) on experimental animals. Anaphylaxis was induced by administration of horse serum subcutaneously in albino Wistar rats. Extracts of psidium guajava were administered to the rats in dose of 125,250 and 350 mg/kg b.w. orally for 14 days. At the end of treatment, we assessed the modulatory effect on experimentally induced airway inflammation in rats. The effect of psidium guajava on oxidative stress, TNF-α and lung histopathology. Anti-asthmatic activity of extracts of psidium guajava was also studied on Milk induced eosinophilia and leukocyte count model. The treatment with extracts of psidium guajava produced significant decrease in eosinophils and leukocyte count. Thus, these findings concluded that psidium guajava could be effectively used in the treatment of anaphylaxis and asthma.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Therapeutic Potential of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Using Ashwagandha Extract
This review provides a thorough examination of the synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic applications of biogenic silver nanoparticles derived from Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Ashwagandha, a renowned medicinal herb, holds immense potential in nanotechnology, offering a sustainable and eco-friendly route for synthesizing silver nanoparticles. The synthesis methods are scrutinized in detail, encompassing biological approaches that exploit the plant's inherent bioactive compounds. Characterization techniques, crucial for understanding the physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles, are meticulously analyzed. From spectroscopic methods to microscopy and size distribution analyses, the comprehensive evaluation ensures a nuanced understanding of the structural attributes of Ashwagandha-induced silver nanoparticles. The therapeutic applications constitute a focal point, exploring the diverse biomedical and pharmaceutical arenas where these nanoparticles exhibit promising potential. Their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties are highlighted, offering insights into their role in combating various diseases. Moreover, their biocompatibility and low toxicity make them attractive candidates for drug delivery systems. This in-depth analysis synthesizes current research, addressing challenges and proposing future directions. By bridging the realms of traditional medicine and modern nanotechnology, the review underscores the significance of Ashwagandha-derived silver nanoparticles, paving the way for innovative and sustainable therapeutic strategies.
Optimizing Norfloxacin Bioavailability: Formulation and Evaluation of Cyclodextrin-Based Tablets
The present study focuses on the formulation of norfloxacin tablets using β-cyclodextrin and evaluates the tablets to enhance their bioavailability. Initially, compatibility studies, including FTIR analysis of norfloxacin and norfloxacin-excipient mixtures, were conducted to ensure the stability of the formulation components. The complexation of norfloxacin with β-cyclodextrin was carried out to improve the drug's solubility and, consequently, its bioavailability. Norfloxacin tablets were then prepared using the direct compression technique, a method known for its simplicity and effectiveness in tablet production. The formulated tablets were subjected to various evaluation parameters, including weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content, disintegration time, and drug dissolution profile. Among the formulations tested, the F5 formulation emerged as the optimized formulation, demonstrating superior performance in comparison to the marketed product. The study concludes that the norfloxacin-β-cyclodextrin complex significantly enhanced the bioavailability of norfloxacin, with the F5 formulation showing the most promising results.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Current Approaches in the Treatment and Prevention of Oral Submucous Fibrosis: A Chronic Disease Perspective
Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive, and scarring disease of the oral cavity, often extending to the pharynx and upper esophagus, primarily caused by the chewing of areca nuts, betel quid, ghutka, mawa, and similar substances. This review highlights the potential role of antioxidants such as lycopene, curcumin, spirulina, and β-carotene in managing OSMF. It explores the synergistic effects of these antioxidants in combating oxidative stress and proposes the development of buccal oral patches as a novel therapeutic approach. These patches are designed to adhere to the affected oral mucosa, providing a controlled release of antioxidants directly to the lesion site, offering a promising direction for future treatment strategies. This approach may help alleviate symptoms, slow disease progression, and improve patient outcomes in OSMF management.
Investigating the Anti-Allergic, Bronchoprotective, and Antioxidant Activities of Psidium guajava Extract in Experimental Animals: A Comprehensive Study
The utilization of gum and mucilages in modern pharmaceutical practices has emerged as a pivotal area of research, offering multifaceted contributions to drug development and formulation. This abstract delves into the significance of these natural polymers, exploring their diverse roles and applications. Gums, derived from plant exudates, and mucilages, extracted from plant seeds and tissues, serve as versatile excipients, providing unique properties such as viscosity, stability, and bioadhesion. In pharmaceutical formulations, these substances act as binders, disintegrants, and sustained-release agents, playing a crucial role in enhancing drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the biocompatibility and biodegradability of gum and mucilages align with the growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly pharmaceutical practices. This abstract sheds light on recent advancements in the utilization of these natural polymers, presenting case studies and innovations that showcase their adaptability to various drug delivery challenges. As pharmaceutical scientists continue to explore novel formulations, the potential of gum and mucilages remains a dynamic and evolving field, offering promising avenues for the development of efficient, patient-friendly drug delivery systems. This review consolidates current knowledge, highlighting the intricate interplay between gum and mucilages and their indispensable role in shaping the future of pharmaceutical formulations.
Targeting Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease: A Comprehensive Evaluation of Andrographolide as a Potential Therapeutic Agent in the Management and Treatment of Cognitive Decline
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains a pressing global health issue, necessitating the discovery of effective therapeutic strategies. This review explores Andrographolide as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's. The compound's neuroprotective capabilities—spanning anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects—form the basis of its therapeutic promise. Beginning with an overview of the growing prevalence and impact of AD, the review underscores the urgent need for novel treatments. Derived from Andrographis paniculata, Andrographolide has demonstrated potential in preclinical studies by mitigating key Alzheimer's features. This analysis delves into the compound's chemical characteristics, pharmacological properties, and extraction methods, followed by an exploration of its neuroprotective mechanisms. The review critically assesses preclinical and clinical studies, offering a comprehensive evaluation of Andrographolide's effects. Through comparative analysis with existing therapies, the unique advantages and limitations of Andrographolide are highlighted, positioning it as a promising disease-modifying candidate for Alzheimer's treatment.
Emerging Frontiers in CAR T-cell Therapy: Pioneering and Advancing Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Oncological Applications in Modern Medicine
CAR T-cell therapy stands at the forefront of immunotherapeutic innovations in oncology, revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms. This review explores the latest advancements and frontiers in CAR T-cell therapy, elucidating its mechanisms, clinical applications, and challenges. We delve into novel engineering strategies for enhancing CAR T-cell efficacy and safety, including next-generation CAR designs, combinatorial approaches, and gene editing techniques. Furthermore, we discuss the expanding landscape of CAR T-cell therapy beyond hematological malignancies, encompassing solid tumors and viral infections. Insight into the intricate interplay between the tumor microenvironment and CAR T-cell function is provided, alongside emerging biomarkers for patient stratification and treatment monitoring. Finally, we address pivotal clinical trials, regulatory considerations, and future prospects, emphasizing the transformative potential of CAR T-cell therapy in reshaping the oncological treatment landscape.