Vitiligo: A Systematic and Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Treatment Trend

Abstract

Vitiligo is a chronic, acquired pigmentary disorder that manifests as well-demarcated depigmented macules and patches on the skin and mucous membranes. This condition arises due to the selective destruction of melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells, resulting in loss of skin color. Although vitiligo does not pose any direct threat to physical health, its cosmetic disfigurement often has profound psychological, social, and emotional consequences. The etiopathogenesis of vitiligo is multifaceted, involving complex interactions between genetic susceptibility, autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and neurochemical imbalances. Recent advancements in research have shed light on novel therapeutic targets, offering hope for improved management strategies. This review aims to provide a detailed understanding of vitiligo by exploring its epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, classification, diagnostic tools, current and emerging treatment modalities, psychosocial impacts, and future directions in therapeutic development