Phytochemistry Unveiled: A Comprehensive Review of Analytical Methods for Plant-Based Compounds

Abstract

Phytochemistry, the study of plant-based compounds, has gained significant attention due to the diverse biological activities and therapeutic potential of phytochemicals. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the analytical methods employed in the extraction, separation, identification, and quantification of phytochemicals. Traditional techniques such as maceration and Soxhlet extraction are discussed alongside modern approaches like ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Advanced separation methods, including high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), are highlighted, along with spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) for structural elucidation. The review also addresses challenges in phytochemical analysis, such as compound complexity and matrix interference, and explores emerging trends like metabolomics and AI-driven approaches. By bridging traditional knowledge with cutting-edge technology, this article aims to provide researchers with a robust framework for advancing phytochemical research and its applications in drug discovery, nutrition, and functional foods.